Smart pointer

In computer science, a smart pointer is an abstract data type that simulates a pointer while providing additional features, such as automatic garbage collection or bounds checking. These additional features are intended to reduce bugs caused by the misuse of pointers while retaining efficiency. Smart pointers typically keep track of the objects that point to them for the purpose of memory management.

The misuse of pointers is a major source of bugs: the constant allocation, deallocation and referencing that must be performed by a program written using pointers introduces the risk that memory leaks will occur. Smart pointers try to prevent memory leaks by making the resource deallocation automatic: when the pointer to an object (or the last in a series of pointers) is destroyed, for example because it goes out of scope, the pointed object is destroyed too.

Several types of smart pointers exist. Some work with reference counting, others assigning ownership of the object to a single pointer. If the language supports automatic garbage collection (for instance, Java), then this use of a smart pointer is unnecessary.

In C++ language, smart pointers may be implemented as a template class that mimics, by means of operator overloading, the behaviour of traditional (raw) pointers, (e.g.: dereferencing, assignment) while providing additional memory management algorithms.

Smart pointers can facilitate intentional programming by expressing the use of a pointer in the type itself. For example, if a C++ function returns a pointer, there is no way to know whether the caller should delete the memory pointed to when the caller is finished with the information. Traditionally, this has been solved with comments, but this can be error-prone. By returning a C++ , the function makes explicit that the caller will take ownership of the result, and further more, that if the caller does nothing, no memory will be leaked. Similarly, if the intention is to return a pointer to an object managed elsewhere, the function could return by reference: some_type& obvious_function2;

Example
Let SmartPointer be a template smart pointer for memory management of class X instances through reference counting.