Image resolution

Image resolution describes the detail an image holds. The term applies equally to digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail.

Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Basically, resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch) or to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, or TV lines). Furthermore, line pairs are often used instead of lines. A line pair is a pair of adjacent dark and light lines, while lines counts both dark lines and light lines. A resolution of 10 lines per millimeter means 5 dark lines alternating with 5 light lines, or 5 line pairs per millimeter. Photographic lens and film resolution are most often quoted in line pairs per millimeter.

Resolution of digital images
The resolution of digital images can be described in many different ways.

Pixel resolution
The term resolution is often used as a pixel count in digital imaging, even though American, Japanese, and international standards specify that it should not be so used, at least in the digital camera field. An image of N pixels high by M pixels wide can have any resolution less than N lines per picture height, or N TV lines. But when the pixel counts are referred to as resolution, the convention is to describe the pixel resolution with the set of two positive integer numbers, where the first number is the number of pixel columns (width) and the second is the number of pixel rows (height), for example as 640 by 480. Another popular convention is to cite resolution as the total number of pixels in the image, typically given as number of megapixels, which can be calculated by multiplying pixel columns by pixel rows and dividing by one million. Other conventions include describing pixels per length unit or pixels per area unit, such as pixels per inch or per square inch. None of these pixel resolutions are true resolutions, but they are widely referred to as such; they serve as upper bounds on image resolution.

Below is an illustration of how the same image might appear at different pixel resolutions, if the pixels were poorly rendered as sharp squares (normally, a smooth image reconstruction from pixels would be preferred, but for illustration of pixels, the sharp squares make the point better).



An image that is 2048 pixels in width and 1536 pixels in height has a total of 2048&times;1536 = 3,145,728 pixels or 3.1 megapixels. One could refer to it as 2048 by 1536 or a 3.1-megapixel image. As the megapixels of a camera increase so does the ability of a camera to produce a larger image; a 5 megapixel camera is capable of capturing a larger image than a 3 megapixel camera.

Larger monitor screens usually have higher screen resolution, measured in pixels.

Spatial resolution


The measure of how closely lines can be resolved in an image is called spatial resolution, and it depends on properties of the system creating the image, not just the pixel resolution in pixels per inch (ppi). For practical purposes the clarity of the image is decided by its spatial resolution, not the number of pixels in an image. In effect, spatial resolution refers to the number of independent pixel values per unit length.

The spatial resolution of computer monitors is generally 72 to 100 lines per inch, corresponding to pixel resolutions of 72 to 100 ppi. With scanners, optical resolution is sometimes used to distinguish spatial resolution from the number of pixels per inch.

In geographic information systems (GISs), spatial resolution is measured by the ground sample distance (GSD) of an image, the pixel spacing on the Earth's surface.

In astronomy one often measures spatial resolution in data points per arcsecond subtended at the point of observation, since the physical distance between objects in the image depends on their distance away and this varies widely with the object of interest. On the other hand, in electron microscopy, line or fringe resolution refers to the minimum separation detectable between adjacent parallel lines (e.g. between planes of atoms), while point resolution instead refers to the minimum separation between adjacent points that can be both detected and interpreted e.g. as adjacent columns of atoms, for instance. The former often helps one detect periodicity in specimens, while the latter (although more difficult to achieve) is key to visualizing how individual atoms interact.

Spectral resolution
Color images distinguish light of different spectra. Multi-spectral images resolve even finer differences of spectrum or wavelength than is needed to reproduce color. That is, they can have higher spectral resolution. that is the strength of each band that is created ( Lihongeni mulama: 2008)

Temporal resolution
Movie cameras and high-speed cameras can resolve events at different points in time. The time resolution used for movies is usually 15 to 30 frames per second ( frame/s), while high-speed cameras may resolve 100 to 1000 frame/s, or even more.

Many cameras and displays offset the color components relative to each other or mix up temporal with spatial resolution:  Image:Bayer matrix.svg|digital camera (Bayer color filter array) Image:Lcd_display_dead_pixel.jpg|LCD (Triangular pixel geometry) Image:Shadow_mask_closeup_cursor.jpg|CRT (shadow mask) 

Radiometric resolution
Radiometric resolution determines how finely a system can represent or distinguish differences of intensity, and is usually expressed as a number of levels or a number of bits, for example 8 bits or 256 levels which is typical of computer image files. The higher the radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity or reflectivity can be represented, at least in theory. In practice, the effective radiometric resolution is typically limited by the noise level, rather than by the number of bits of representation.

Resolution in various media
This is a list of modern-day, digital-type measurements (and traditional, analog horizontal resolutions) for various media. The list only includes popular formats, not rare formats, and all values are approximate (rounded to the nearest 10), since the actual quality can vary machine-to-machine or tape-to-tape. For ease-of-comparison, all values are for the NTSC system. (For PAL systems, replace 480 with 576.)


 * 350×240 (260 lines): Video CD
 * 330×480 (250 lines): Umatic, Betamax, VHS, Video8
 * 400×480 (300 lines): Super Betamax, Betacam (pro)
 * 440×480 (330 lines): analog broadcast
 * 560×480 (420 lines): LaserDisc, Super VHS, Hi8
 * 670×480 (500 lines): Enhanced Definition Betamax
 * Digital:
 * 720×480 (520 lines): D-VHS, DVD, miniDV, Digital8, Digital Betacam (pro)
 * 720×480 (400 lines): Widescreen DVD (anamorphic)
 * 1280×720 (720 lines): D-VHS, HD DVD, Blu-ray, HDV (miniDV)
 * 1440×1080 (810 lines): HDV (miniDV)
 * 1920×1080 (1080 lines): D-VHS, HD DVD, Blu-ray, HDCAM SR (pro)
 * 10,000×7000 (7000 lines): IMAX, IMAX HD, OMNIMAX
 * Film:
 * 35 mm film is scanned for release on DVD at 1080 or 2000 lines as of 2005.
 * 35 mm original camera negative motion picture film can resolve up to 6,000 lines.
 * 35 mm projection positive motion picture film has about 2,000 lines which results from the analog printing from the camera negative of an interpositive, and possibly an internegative, then a projection positive.
 * Sequences from newer films are scanned at 2,000, 4,000 or even 8,000 columns (line measured the other directions), called 2K, 4K and 8K, for quality visual-effects editing on computers.

Computer Processing and Storage
While the highest possible resolution might seem to be "the best", there are problems associated with increasing resolution. Raster images with extremely high resolution are extremely large files, so they take longer to render and require much more storage space than lower resolution files. More processing power can help to manage this problem, but also increases cost, as does storage space. What is realistically "the best" depends on what level of resolution is needed - to be efficient with time and money, the user shouldn't use imagery that is of higher resolution than is actually necessary.