Thematic map

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A thematic map is a simple map made to reflect a particular theme about a geographic area. Thematic maps can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation or continent.^[1]

Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 Uses of thematic maps 4 Displaying data 5 Methods of thematic mapping 6 Choropleth 7 Proportional symbol 8 Isarithmic 9 Dot 10 Dasymetric 11 Continuous-tone 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links

[edit] Overview

A thematic map is designed to serve some special purpose or to illustrate a particular subject, in contrast to a general map, on which a variety of phenomena appear together, such as landforms, lines of transportation, settlements, and political boundaries.^[2]

The contrast between general and thematic maps isn't altogether sharp. But thematic maps use the base data as coastlines, boundaries and places, only as point of reference for the phenomenon being mapped.^[2] Thematic maps also emphasize spatial variation of one or a small number of geographic distributions. These distributions may be physical phenomena such as climate or human characteristics such as population density and health issues. Barbara Petchenik^[3] described the difference as "in place, about space." While general reference maps show where something is in space, thematic maps tell a story about that place.^[4]

Thematic map are sometimes referred to as graphic essays that portray spatial variations and interrelationships of geographical distributions. Location, of course, is also important to provide a reference base of where selected phenomena are occurring.

[edit] History

An important cartographic element preceding thematic mapping was the development of accurate base maps. Improvements in accuracy proceeded at a gradual pace, and even until the mid-17th century, general maps were usually of poor quality. Still, base maps around this time were good enough to display appropriate information, allowing for the first thematic maps to come into being.

One of the significant early contributors to thematic mapping was the English astronomer Edmond Halley (1656–1742). His first significant cartographic contribution was a star chart of the constellation of the Southern Hemisphere, made during his stay on St. Helena and published on 1686. In 1686 he published his first terrestrial map in an article about trade winds, and this map is called the first meteorological chart. ^[2] In 1701 he published the "New and Correct Chart Shewing the Variations of the Compass", see first image, the first chart to show lines of equal magnetic variation.

Another example of early thematic mapping comes from London physician John Snow. Though disease had been mapped thematically, Snow’s cholera map in 1854 is the best known example of using thematic maps for analysis. Essentially, his technique and methodology anticipate principles of a geographic information system (GIS). Starting with an accurate base map of a London neighborhood which included streets and pump locations, Snow mapped out the incidents of cholera death. The emerging pattern centered around one particular pump on Broad Street. At Snow’s request, the handle of the pump was removed, and new cholera cases ceased almost at once. Further investigation of the area revealed the Broad Street pump was near a sewer line.

In the 19th century in 1826 Charles Dupin created the earliest known choropleth map. Later on Louis-Léger Vauthier (1815–1881) developed the population contour map, a map that shows the population density by contours or isolines.^[5]

[edit] Uses of thematic maps

Thematic maps serve three primary purposes.

• First, they provide specific information about particular locations.
• Second, they provide general information about spatial patterns.
• Third, they can be used to compare patterns on two or more maps.

Common examples are maps of demographic data such as population density. When designing a thematic map, cartographers must balance a number of factors in order to effectively represent the data. Besides spatial accuracy, and aesthetics, quirks of human visual perception and the presentation format must be taken into account. The aesthetics of a map can have a huge influence on how well received the map will be. To make sure that the map can be understood and is pleasing to the eye are both integral parts in the map making process. There are questions that you should ask yourself while making a thematic map that will help improve the aesthetics.

Should a map be largely to scale, so that you can see the distances invovled, or distorted so that complex areas are easy to see? How much detail about the surrounding geography should be shown?

What specific geographic regions/landmarks should be shown in order to make the map easy to read and understand?

In addition, the audience is of equal importance. Who will “read” the thematic map and for what purpose helps define how it should be designed. A political scientist might prefer having information mapped within clearly delineated county boundaries (choropleth maps). A state biologist could certainly benefit from county boundaries being on a map, but nature seldom falls into such smooth, man-made delineations. In which case, a dasymetric map charts the desired information underneath a transparent county boundary map for easy location referencing.

[edit] Displaying data

In constructing any type of thematic map (or any map for that matter) it is understood that location is a key feature. After selecting the physical area to examine, the next step is collecting data sets.

Data dealing with one subject is called univariate, which examines occurrences of a single type of event. The distribution of population, cancer rates, and rainfall are all examples of univariate data.

Bivariate mapping shows the distribution of two sets of data to explore possibilities of correlations. For example, we can examine population density in relation to textile manufacturing. Other examples could be cancer rates and population density, or rainfall and elevation.

More than two sets of data leads to multivariate mapping. Taking three or more data sets and displaying the result on a map helps determine possible correlations between different phenomena. For instance, our bivariate example maps two data sets, rainfall and elevation. If we add another variable such as population density, our map becomes multivariate rather than bivariate.

Map makers must be careful in designing thematic maps that display too much information or suggest phenomenon have a correlation when in fact they do not.

[edit] Methods of thematic mapping

Geographers use many methods to create thematic maps, but five techniques are especially noted.

[edit] Choropleth

Choropleth are the most commonly used method of thematic mapping. Choropleth maps are particularly suited for charting phenomena that are evenly distributed within each enumeration unit (set area).

Raw data, e.g. population distribution, should not be mapped with this technique. If derived values can be obtained from raw data (such as population densities), then the choropleth technique can be applied.

[edit] Proportional symbol

Also known as graduated symbols, these maps represent data associated with point locations (i.e., cities or counties). The data is displayed with proportionally sized symbols to graphically represent a realistic difference in occurrence. If the raw data cannot be dealt with as a ratio or proportion, then they should be portrayed with the proportional symbol technique.

[edit] Isarithmic

These maps, also known as contour maps, depict smooth continuous phenomena such as precipitation. They are also well-suited to displaying three-dimensional values such as elevation i.e; on topographic maps.

Isometric and isopleth are the two types of isarithmic maps. In both cases, they increase the accuracy of a map by showing gradation (gradual change over space) instead of grouping an area into one characteristic (as do choropleth maps). Isopleth and Isometric maps display two different types of data. Isometric maps show lines of points with true data, meaning that data at that point is accurate (along the line of a topographical map labeled 500 feet, the points that make up that line are all 500 feet in elevation). ^[6] Isopleth maps, however, show lines of areal data (not point data like isometric), and therefore the lines approximate phenomenon. Along the isolines, however, the values do not equal exactly what the lines project. ^[7]

[edit] Dot

A map using dots to show the presence of a feature or occurrence and display a spatial pattern. Dr. Snow used this method in his famous map. One dot represented one death. Note, though, that a dot is not required to represent a single unit and may indicate any number of entities; 14 armadillos, 7 dwarves, 100 voters. A dot density map is a popular way to use dots in creating a thematic map. When one dot represents one phenomena, or one object it is refered to as 1 to one, if that one dot represents many phenomena or objects it's refered to as 1 to many. If the map is a 1 to 1 it's important to make sure that each point is acurate in it's spatial location on the map. If the 1 to 1 dots aren't acurately placed the map will be misleading, and not as acurate as it could be. However, in a 1 to many dot map the dots are not necessarily placed in exact spatial locations and may be a summary of a much larger or much smaller area that they represent. Dot maps are a good type of map to use when showing trends over areas that are changing smoothly. The dots in the map will change as well representing real world changes. These types of maps may also have disadvantages in that the exact dot location in the map may not necessarily represent a phenomena in that location in the real world.

[edit] Dasymetric

"Dasymetric Mapping is a technique in which attribute data that is organized by a large or arbitrary area unit is more accurately distributed within that unit by the overlay of geographic boundaries that exclude, restrict, or confine the attribute in question. For example, a population attribute organized by census tract might be more accurately distributed by the overlay of water bodies, vacant land, and other land-use boundaries within which it is reasonable to infer that people do not live." </ref> Dasymetric maps utilize areal symbols. However, although boundaries are displayed on dasymetric maps, these geographic units may span multiple theme values. Plots often represent extremes in the data sets, without much coverage in between. For that reason, and because they can be difficult to generate, dasymetric maps are not very common.

[edit] Continuous-tone

Continuous-tone maps are unclassed isarithmic maps, in which each point is shaded with a gray tone or color proportional to the value of the surface at that point. Continuous-tone maps can be difficult to interpret, however, because it is difficult to associate values in the legend with specific locations on the map. ^[8]

Continuous tone maps differ from classified isarithmic maps because they do not use isolines. As noted, changes in the value of the data are depicted by a change in the value of the color chosen for it's symbol rather than by isolines depicting classes or regions of data. The user does not need to interpolate values between the isolines, providing a more accurate map. Research has shown that color-based continuous-tone maps are easier to interpret than gray tone maps. ^[9]

[edit] See also

• André-Michel Guerry
• Flow map
• Topographic map
• TerraView

[edit] References

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

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[edit] Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maps by theme

• P. Muehrcke et al. (2001). Map Use, The University of Chicago Press, 4th Edition.
• Arthur H. Robinson (1982). Early Thematic Mapping in the History of Cartography, The University of Chicago Press,
• Arthur H. Robinson, et al. (1995). Elements of Cartography, Wiley, 6th Edition.
• T. Slocum, et al. (2005). Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization, Prentice Hall, 2nd Edition.
• N. Thrower (1996). Maps and Civilization: Cartography in Culture and Society, The University of Chicago Press.

[edit] External links

• MapsGeek An online free application to build and share thematic maps.

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